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One 2009 study of Stegosaurus specimens of various sizes found that the plates and spikes had slower histological growth than the skeleton at least until the dinosaur reached its mature size. It is one of the most easily recognized dinosaurs, with its distinctive double row of kite-shaped plates on its back, and the long spikes on its tail. Their distinctive combination of broad, upright plates and tail tipped with spikes makes the Stegosaurus one of the most recognizable kinds of dinosaurs. This genus of herbivorous, four-legged, armored dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic is characterized by the distinctive kite-shaped upright plates along their backs and spikes on their tails. With its unique combination of broad, upright plates and tail tipped with spikes, this is one of the most recognizable kinds of dinosaurs. This has led to the influential idea that dinosaurs like Stegosaurus had a “second brain” in the tail, which may have been responsible for controlling reflexes in the rear portion of the body.

Palaeontologists believe it would have eaten plants such as mosses, ferns, horsetails, cycads, and conifers. A 2022 study by Wiemann and colleagues of various dinosaur genera including Stegosaurus suggests that it had an ectothermic (cold blooded) or gigantothermic metabolism, on par with that vegas casino app of modern reptiles. However, recent research re-examined this and concluded this species also had four. Stenops had four dermal spikes, each about 60–90 cm (2.0–3.0 ft) long. Additional support for this idea was a punctured tail vertebra of an Allosaurus into which a tail spike fits perfectly.

The plates were highly vascularized, meaning they contained numerous blood vessels. A more widely accepted hypothesis is that the plates served as a thermoregulatory device, allowing Stegosaurus to absorb or dissipate heat. Early theories suggested they served as armor, but the plates were relatively thin and lacked strong muscular attachments. The purpose of the dorsal plates has been a topic of debate among paleontologists for decades. Its diet consisted primarily of low lying vegetation such as ferns, cycads, horsetails, and possibly even conifer needles. Its most striking features are, without a doubt, the dorsal plates and the thagomizer.

Stegosaurus: The Armored Giant of the Late Jurassic

This was a slow-moving dinosaur, with an estimated top speed estimated at around 5 mph. This was an herbivore and likely are low-lying plants such as ferns, horsetails, and gymnosperms. Primarily, they may have used the plates for display, and secondarily for thermoregulatory functions. They might have been competitors for the same plant resources, yet their differing body sizes and feeding heights could have allowed for resource partitioning. In contrast, the Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, and Camarasaurus, all herbivores like the Stegosaurus, likely had a different kind of relationship with our main dinosaur.

They suggested that such metabolisms may have been common for ornithischian dinosaurs in general, with the group evolving towards ectothermy from an ancestor with an endothermic (warm blooded) metabolism. A 2013 study concluded, based on the rapid deposition of highly vascularised fibrolamellar bone, that Kentrosaurus had a quicker growth rate than Stegosaurus, contradicting the general rule that larger dinosaurs grew faster than smaller ones. Also, the pelvic region of the specimens are similar to Kentrosaurus juveniles. The specimens can be identified as not mature because they lack the fusion of the scapula and coracoid, and the lower hind limbs. More recently, a study of the tail spikes by McWhinney et al., which showed a high incidence of trauma-related damage, lends more weight to the position that the spikes were indeed used in combat. However, as Carpenter has noted, the plates overlap so many tail vertebrae, movement would be limited.

List of All Dinosaurs

This predator-prey relationship would have influenced the behavior and evolution of both species. It is likely that it had to eat a large amount of vegetation to sustain its large body and this would have had an impact on the vegetation of the area. Ferns, horsetails, and gymnosperms such as conifers, ginkgoes, and cycads dominated this terrain. This specimen has allowed scientists to make more accurate reconstructions and to gain new insights into its biology and behavior.

The Function of Plates and Thagomizer

Even by stegosaur standards, it was a biggie; most of the dinosaurs in that group were only 13 to 23 feet (4 to 7 meters) long. Instead, later discoveries proved the objects stood upright, leaving the flanks on these dinosaurs exposed. Spikes were a stegosaur mainstay, adorning the tails of every known species. Stegosaurus belonged to a suborder of dinosaurs called — what else?

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A well-preserved Stegosaurus braincase allowed Othniel Charles Marsh to obtain, in the 1880s, a cast of the brain cavity or endocast of the animal, which gave an indication of the brain size. Despite the animal’s overall size, the braincase of Stegosaurus was small, being no larger than that of a dog. The presence of a beak extended along much of the jaws may have precluded the presence of cheeks in these species. The specimen had been discovered in 2022 on private land in Colorado and so could be sold to a private owner.

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The Dinosaur in Detail

• This predator-prey relationship would have influenced the behavior and evolution of both species.
• The skeleton was expertly unearthed by Felch, who first divided the skeleton into labeled blocks and prepared them separately.
• Its most striking features are, without a doubt, the dorsal plates and the thagomizer.
• The “Small Quarry” Stegosaurus’ articulation and completeness clarified the position of plates and spikes on the back of Stegosaurus and the position and size of the throat ossicles found earlier first by Felch with the Stegosaurus stenops holotype, though like the S.
• Stegosaurus was made the official state fossil of Colorado in 1982, after a two-year campaign begun by a class of 4th graders and their teacher Ruth Sawdo at McElwain Elementary School in Thornton, Colorado.

Lucas also re-examined the issue of the life appearance of Stegosaurus, coming to the conclusion that the plates were arranged in pairs in two rows along the back, arranged above the bases of the ribs. Lucas reclassified this species in the new genus Hoplitosaurus later that year. It was initially mounted with paired plates set wide, above the base of the ribs, but was remounted in 1924 with two staggered rows of plates along the midline of the back. The skeleton was expertly unearthed by Felch, who first divided the skeleton into labeled blocks and prepared them separately. Marshall P. Felch collected the skeleton throughout 1885 and 1886 from Morrison Formation strata at his quarry in Garden Park, a town near Cañon City, Colorado. Stegosaurus sulcatus most notably preserves a large spike that has been speculated to have been a shoulder spike that is used to diagnose the species.

Find out how it has changed and what the new tree reveals about dinosaurs’ origins and evolution. Compared with the rest of its body, Stegosaurus had a small head and its brain was around the size of a plum! Another suggestion is that the plates were used to regulate body temperature. After finding a specimen that had been covered with mud, which had held the plates in place, Marsh realised that they stood vertically, alternately on either side of the spine. When O C Marsh described the first fossil of a Stegosaurus, he concluded that the plates would have lain flat on its back.

Its spiked tail was a natural deterrent that could have been a formidable weapon against the Allosaurus. This dinosaur lived across millions of years and multiple continents and thus shared its world with an intriguing array of contemporaries. Additionally, evidence of a complex social life emerges from the presence of plates it possibly used for display. This was a slow-moving dinosaur, with a top speed estimated at around 5 mph.

The thagomizer, with its four prominent spikes, almost certainly functioned as a defensive weapon, used to ward off predators like Allosaurus. Another possibility is that the plates played a role in display, possibly used for attracting mates or signaling to other Stegosaurus. By orienting themselves towards or away from the sun, Stegosaurus could control its body temperature.

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• When O C Marsh described the first fossil of a Stegosaurus, he concluded that the plates would have lain flat on its back.
• Absurd as it might sound, there’s a rumor that Stegosaurus had a second brain located where the sun doesn’t shine.
• However, it has also been suggested that the plates could have helped the animal increase heat absorption from the sun.
• Many of the species initially described have since been considered to be invalid or synonymous with earlier named species, leaving two well-known and one poorly known species.

One skeleton collected at the site known as “Victoria” is very well preserved including many of the vertebrae preserved in semi-articulation and next to an Allosaurus skeleton found nicknamed “Big Al II”. The mounted skeleton went on display in December 2014 and was scientifically described in 2015. The skeleton had been excavated on private land and was available for purchase. Sophie was first discovered by Bob Simon in 2003 at a quarry on the Red Canyon Ranch near Shell, Wyoming, and was excavated by crews from the Swiss Sauriermuseum in 2004 and later prepared by museum staff, who gave it the nickname Sarah after the landowner’s daughter.

Due to the fragmentary nature of most early Stegosaurus fossil finds, it took many years before reasonably accurate restorations of this dinosaur could be produced. One of the most recognizable of all dinosaurs, Stegosaurus has been depicted on film, in cartoons and comics and as children’s toys. Stegosaurus may have preferred drier settings than these other dinosaurs. However, their teeth and jaws are very different from those of other herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs, suggesting a different feeding strategy that is not yet well understood.

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After the end of the Bone Wars, many major institutions in the eastern United States were inspired by the depictions and finds by Marsh and Cope to assemble their own dinosaur fossil collections. In his article about the new mount for the museum’s journal, Barnum Brown described (and disputed) the popular misconception that the Stegosaurus had a “second brain” in its hips. Mounted under the direction of Charles J. Long, the American Museum mount was a composite consisting of partial remains filled in with replicas based on other specimens. It was a composite of several skeletons, primarily USNM 6531, with proportions designed to closely follow the S. This historically significant specimen was re-mounted ahead of the opening of the new Peabody Museum building in 1925.

The argument has been a major one in the history of dinosaur reconstruction. Stenops type specimen, which had been on display in relief nearby since 1918. However, this mount was dismantled in 1917 when the old Peabody Museum building was demolished. Ungulatus at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, which was put on display in 1910.

The first known skeletons were fragmentary and the bones were scattered, and it would be many years before the true appearance of these animals, including their posture and plate arrangement, became well understood. Today, it is generally agreed that their spiked tails were most likely used for defense against predators, while their plates may have been used primarily for display, and secondarily for thermoregulatory functions. The function of this array of plates and spikes has been the subject of much speculation among scientists. They were large, heavily built, herbivorous quadrupeds with rounded backs, short fore limbs, long hind limbs, and tails held high in the air.

Discovery and species

Scientists are not exactly sure what the plates were used for. A large, slow moving plant-eater, Stegosaurus would have defended itself from predators like Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus with its powerful spiked tail. Following renovations to the museum in the 2010s, the model was moved once again for display at the Museum of the Earth in Ithaca, New York. Knight would go on to paint a stegosaur with a staggered double plate row in 1927 for the Field Museum of Natural History, and was followed by Rudolph F. Zallinger, who painted Stegosaurus this way in his “Age of Reptiles” mural at the Peabody Museum in 1947. Again under Lucas, Knight revised his version of Stegosaurus again two years later, producing a model with a staggered double row of plates.

Thus, their conception of Stegosaurus would include three valid species (S. armatus, S. homheni, and S. mjosi) and would range from the Late Jurassic of North America and Europe to the Early Cretaceous of Asia. Armatus, and sinking Hesperosaurus and Wuerhosaurus into Stegosaurus, with their type species becoming Stegosaurus mjosi and Stegosaurus homheni, respectively. Many of the species initially described have since been considered to be invalid or synonymous with earlier named species, leaving two well-known and one poorly known species. This indicates that the plates were covered in keratinous sheaths. Well preserved integumentary impressions of the plates of Hesperosaurus show a smooth surface with long and parallel, shallow grooves. Many of the plates are manifestly chiral and no two plates of the same size and shape have been found for an individual; however plates have been correlated between individuals.

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